解放軍文職招聘考試內(nèi)部控制測試-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時間:2017-09-20 10:12:07*----控制測試的涵義*----控制測試的程序*----控制測試的范圍*----控制測試中應(yīng)注意的問題*----------注冊會計師對內(nèi)部控制的研究和評價的步驟有哪些?在對擬信賴的內(nèi)部控制進行測試后其評估結(jié)果如何?1、注冊會計師對于企業(yè)內(nèi)部控制所做的研究和評價可分為三個步驟:(1)了解企業(yè)的內(nèi)部控制情況,并做出相應(yīng)的記錄;(2)實施控制測試程序,證實有關(guān)內(nèi)部控制的設(shè)計和執(zhí)行的效果;(3)評價內(nèi)部控制的強弱,思考題:1.簡述控制測試的涵義和程序。2.控制測試中應(yīng)注意的問題有哪些?第四節(jié) 內(nèi)部控制評價(一)了解內(nèi)部控制后的初步評估1、對內(nèi)部控制的初步評估實際上是評價企業(yè)會計與內(nèi)部控制在防止或發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正重要錯報或漏報中有效性的過程。2、注冊會計師在設(shè)定控制風(fēng)險低于最大值時比設(shè)定控制風(fēng)險為最大值時需要更多地了解控制程序。3、注冊會計師初步評估的控制風(fēng)險水平越低,就應(yīng)獲取越多的關(guān)于內(nèi)部控制設(shè)計合理和運行有效的證據(jù)。4、注冊會計師在什么情況下初步評估控制風(fēng)險為高水平或不應(yīng)評估為高水平?在出現(xiàn)下列情況之一時,應(yīng)將重要賬戶或交易類別的某些或全部認定的控制風(fēng)險評估為高水平:(1)企業(yè)內(nèi)部控制失效;(2)注冊會計師難以對內(nèi)部控制的有效性做出評價;(3)注冊會計師不擬進行控制測試。在同時出現(xiàn)下列情況時不應(yīng)將控制風(fēng)險評估為高水平:(1)相關(guān)的內(nèi)部控制可能防止或發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正重大錯報或漏報;(2)注冊會計師擬進行控制測試。思考題:1.如何對內(nèi)部控制做出評價?第五節(jié) 管理建議書*----管理建議書的含義*----管理建議書的內(nèi)容*----管理建議與審計意見的區(qū)別1、管理建議書的概念(掌握)2、注冊會計師出具管理建議書的必要性:注冊會計師對審計過程中注意到的內(nèi)部控制重大缺陷應(yīng)當告知被審計單位管理當局,必要時,可出具管理建議書。3、管理建議書對審計意見是否有影響?管理建議書對審計意見沒有影響,注冊會計師審計的目的是對會計報表發(fā)表審計意見,不是對內(nèi)部控制發(fā)表審計意見,管理建議書不能被認為是對內(nèi)部控制整體發(fā)表的意見,也不能減輕或免除被審計單位管理當局建立健全內(nèi)部控制的責任。思考題:1.簡述管理建議書的含義和內(nèi)容?教學(xué)組織:1、課堂講授為主、案例分析 (70分鐘)2、教師組織學(xué)生討論 (50分鐘)作業(yè)布置:1. (2002年單選題第15小題)注冊會計師對有些會計報表認定采用較低的控制風(fēng)險估計法,則執(zhí)行控制測試的種類應(yīng)為( )。A.同步控制測試 B.追加控制測試C.計劃控制測試 D.分析控制測試2. (2001年單選題第12小題)為了獲取有關(guān)控制風(fēng)險的證據(jù),注冊會計師通常選擇的程序是( )。A.分析性復(fù)核 B.函證C.檢查 D.計算3.(2003年多選題第6小題)在編制審計計劃時,應(yīng)當了解P公司的內(nèi)部控制。了解重要內(nèi)部控制時,應(yīng)實施的程序通常包括( )。A.詢問P公司的有關(guān)人員,并查閱相關(guān)內(nèi)部控制文件B.檢查內(nèi)部控制生成的文件和記錄C.選擇若干具有代表性的交易和事項進行穿行測試D.觀察P公司的業(yè)務(wù)活動和內(nèi)部控制的運行情況4.(2001年多選題第6小題)當注冊會計師發(fā)現(xiàn)被審計單位存在嚴重影響會計報表的偷稅、漏稅行為時,最有可能導(dǎo)致其解除業(yè)務(wù)約定的情況有( )。A.被審計單位偷稅、漏稅金額巨大B.懷疑被審計單位最高層管理人員涉及偷稅、漏稅行為C.被審計單位拒絕采取必要的措施糾正偷稅、漏稅行為D.注冊會計師將控制風(fēng)險評估為高水平5. (2002年判斷題第5小題)在執(zhí)行小規(guī)模企業(yè)會計報表審計業(yè)務(wù)時,根據(jù)獨立審計實務(wù)公告《小規(guī)模企業(yè)審計的特殊考慮》的要求,注冊會計師無需對相關(guān)的內(nèi)部控制進行了解。( )6. (2001年判斷題第8小題)內(nèi)部控制要素可以分為控制環(huán)境、會計系統(tǒng)和控制程序,內(nèi)部審計是控制程序的主要組成部分。( )7. (2000年判斷題第4小題)注冊會計師對會計報表審計過程中注意到的被審計單位內(nèi)部控制的重大缺陷,應(yīng)出具管理建議書,但不影響應(yīng)當發(fā)表的審計意見。( )8.(2000年簡答題第2小題,5分)注冊會計師編制審計計劃時,應(yīng)當研究和評價被審計單位的內(nèi)部控制。(1)請簡要說明注冊會計師對內(nèi)部控制研究和評價的三個步驟。(2)請簡要說明在何種情況下,注冊會計師才能將控制風(fēng)險評價為低水平。(1)注冊會計師對內(nèi)部控制和評價的三個步驟為:①了解被審計單位的內(nèi)部控制情況;②實施控制測試;③評價控制風(fēng)險。(2)注冊會計師只有在確認以下事項的情況下,才能將控制風(fēng)險評價為低水平:①控制政策和程序與會計報表認定相關(guān);②通過控制測試已獲得審計證據(jù)證明內(nèi)部控制有效。9.(2001年綜合題第1小題,14分)ABC會計師事務(wù)所的A和B注冊會計師接受委派,對甲上市公司(以下簡稱甲公司)2000年度會計報表進行審計。甲公司尚未采用計算機記賬。A和B注冊會計師于2000年11月1日至7日對甲公司的內(nèi)部控制進行了了解和測試,并在相關(guān)審計工作底稿中記錄了了解和測試的事項,摘錄如下:(1)甲公司產(chǎn)成品發(fā)出時,由銷售部填制一式四聯(lián)的銷售單。倉庫發(fā)出產(chǎn)成品后,將第一聯(lián)出庫單留存登記產(chǎn)成品卡片,第二聯(lián)交銷售部留存,第三、第四聯(lián)交會計部會計人員乙登記產(chǎn)成品總賬和明細賬。(2)會計人員戊負責開具銷售發(fā)票。在開具銷售發(fā)票之前,先核對裝運憑證和相應(yīng)的經(jīng)批準的銷售單,并根據(jù)已授權(quán)批準的商品價目表填寫銷售發(fā)票的價格,根據(jù)裝運憑證上的數(shù)量填寫銷售發(fā)票的數(shù)量。(3)甲公司的材料采購需要經(jīng)授權(quán)批準后方可進行。采購部根據(jù)經(jīng)批準的請購單發(fā)出定購單。貨物運達后,驗收部門根據(jù)定購單的要求驗收貨物,并編制一式多聯(lián)的未連續(xù)編號的驗收單,倉庫根據(jù)驗收單驗收貨物,在驗收單上簽字后,將貨物移入倉庫加以保管。驗收單上有數(shù)量、品名、單價等要素。驗收單一聯(lián)交采購部登記采購明細賬和編制付款憑單,付款憑單經(jīng)批準后,月末交給會計部;一聯(lián)交會計部登記材料明細賬;一聯(lián)由倉庫保留并登記材料明細賬。會計部根據(jù)只附驗收單的付款憑單登記有關(guān)賬簿。(4)會計部審核付款憑單后支付采購款項。甲公司授權(quán)會計部的經(jīng)理簽署支票,經(jīng)理將其授權(quán)給會計人員丁負責,但保留了支票印章,丁根據(jù)已適當批準的憑單,在確定支票授權(quán)人名稱與憑單內(nèi)容一致后簽署支票,并在憑單上加蓋 已支付 的印章。對付款控制程序的穿行測試表明A和B注冊會計師未發(fā)現(xiàn)與公司規(guī)定有不一致之處。(5)計劃部根據(jù)批準,簽發(fā)預(yù)先編號的生產(chǎn)通知單。生產(chǎn)部根據(jù)生產(chǎn)通知單填寫一式四聯(lián)的領(lǐng)料單。倉庫發(fā)料后,其中一聯(lián)留存,一聯(lián)連同材料交還領(lǐng)料部,其余兩聯(lián)經(jīng)倉庫登記材料明細賬后送會計不進行材料收發(fā)核算和成本核算。(6)甲公司股東大會批準董事會的投資權(quán)限為1億元以下。董事會決定由總經(jīng)理負責實施??偨?jīng)理決定由證券部負責總而在1億以下的股票買賣。甲公司規(guī)定:公司劃入營業(yè)部的款項由證券部申請,由會計部審核,總經(jīng)理批準后劃轉(zhuǎn)入公司在營業(yè)部開立的資金賬戶。經(jīng)總經(jīng)理批準,證券部直接從營業(yè)部賬戶支取款項。證券買賣、資金存取的會計記錄由會計部處理。A和B注冊會計師了解和測試投資的內(nèi)部控制后發(fā)現(xiàn):證券部在某營業(yè)部開戶的有關(guān)協(xié)議及補充協(xié)議未經(jīng)會計部或其他部門審核。根據(jù)總經(jīng)理批準,會計部已將8000萬元匯入該戶。證券部處理證券買賣的會計記錄,月底將證券買賣清單交給會計部,會計部據(jù)以匯總登記。(7)甲公司控股股東的法定代表人同時兼任甲公司的法定代表人,總經(jīng)理是聘任的。在公司章程及相關(guān)決議中未具體載明股東大會、董事會、經(jīng)營班子的融資權(quán)限和批準程序。 經(jīng)了解,甲公司由財務(wù)部負責融資,2000年根據(jù)總經(jīng)理的批示,向工商銀行借入了1億元貸款。(8)甲公司設(shè)立了內(nèi)部審計部,并直接對董事長負責,每年對子公司和各業(yè)務(wù)部進行審計,并出具內(nèi)部審計報告。A和B注冊會計師獲取了2000年度所有的內(nèi)部審計報告,經(jīng)抽查表明,內(nèi)部審計報告指出了內(nèi)控存在的缺陷和改進建議。(9)甲公司設(shè)立現(xiàn)金出納員和銀行出納員。銀行出納員負責到銀行取送支票等票據(jù),并登記銀行存款日記賬。月底銀行出納員取得銀行對賬單并編制銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表。(10)員工根據(jù)公司的批準手續(xù)報銷,會計部對報銷單據(jù)加以審核,現(xiàn)金出納員見到加蓋核準印章的支出憑據(jù)后付款。(1)根據(jù)上述摘錄,假定未描述的其他內(nèi)部控制不存在缺陷,請指出甲公司內(nèi)部控制在設(shè)計與運行方面的缺陷并提出改進建議。(2)根據(jù)對甲公司的內(nèi)部控制的了解和測試,請分別指出上述內(nèi)部控制缺陷與哪些會計報表項目或科目的何種認定相關(guān)。
解放軍文職招聘考試案例6: 測試一種殺微生物劑-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時間:2017-06-03 10:12:51案例6: 測試一種殺微生物劑Case 6: Testing A Microbicide背景:為了阻止艾滋病這一流行病的傳播,當務(wù)之急就是擴大婦女能夠用來預(yù)防性傳播疾病的途徑,其中包括陰道殺菌劑的使用。陰道殺菌劑將為女性提供保護自己防止感染艾滋病和其它性傳播疾病的可能性。理想的陰道殺菌劑應(yīng)該是安全有效,負擔得起,無色無味,易于存儲,且可制成各種不同類型,是真正意義上完全由使用者控制的產(chǎn)品。同時,該殺菌劑應(yīng)存在于避孕和/或非避孕配方中,并且無需醫(yī)生處方,即可獲得。當務(wù)之急是開發(fā)一種可以為那些急需此藥劑的女性提供保護的產(chǎn)品,前提是她們堅持使用此藥劑。作為女性的性伙伴,男性同樣可以受到殺菌劑的保護,而免受感染。過去的十年間,在殺微生物劑研究和發(fā)展方面,已取得重大進展。許多殺微生物劑產(chǎn)品為確定其安全性和毒性,仍處于I期臨床試驗。目前,只有一種產(chǎn)品,即nonoxynol-9殺精蟲劑,正處于III期臨床試驗,以評估其保護女性不受艾滋病病毒感染的功效。計劃中的試驗,其目的在于進一步評估該產(chǎn)品的安全性和有效性。這是第一次將是在非性工作者女性人群中展開的大規(guī)模的第二期殺微生物劑測試,而且這次的殺微生物劑的配方無避孕功效。該測試將由國際婦女力量組織(PWI)與其他來自東道國一所醫(yī)科大學(xué)的研究者合作完成。此項目的試驗地點為兩家計劃生育診所。國際婦女力量組織(PWI)資助整修了這兩家準備用于研究的診所, 為求更新實驗室器械同時也便于雇傭更多護理和后勤人員。招募及場地選擇在此研究開始之前,來自國際婦女力量組織(PWI)的研究人員和東道國醫(yī)科大學(xué)的代表在即將展開此研究的所有診療所舉行了會議,目的是解釋此項研究并從那些可能成為本研究試驗對象的婦女處得到反饋。參與此試驗的女性必須年滿18,加入時HIV必須顯陰性,在研究開始前在當?shù)鼐幼⌒铦M一年且一年之內(nèi)無意離開。一名研究人員將征求個人的知情同意,如若需要,還將安排一名翻譯,同時,不會從性伙伴處征求同意。因為研究人員認為,這將對婦女的自主權(quán)造成傷害。研究人員既不鼓勵也不阻止參于研究的婦女告知其男性性伙伴加入此項研究。大約300位婦女將使用此凝膠或安慰劑,為期一年,且一周至少三次置于陰道,并在性交前也需使用。在加入此項試驗后,這些婦女每月將來診所檢查是否有過敏跡象,并且接受性傳播疾病測試:每三個月,她們將接受HIV測試,并回答一系列有關(guān)該產(chǎn)品接受程度的問題。在這幾次訪談時,她們也將接受安全性行為咨詢服務(wù),免費獲取避孕套,以及確保她們理解該測試的要求和目的所進行的咨詢服務(wù)。同時,在接受HIV測試前,以及如果她們選擇測試而獲取測試結(jié)果之前(參與者有權(quán)可以選擇不被告知測試結(jié)果),她們也將參與測試前和測試后的咨詢。如若有參與婦女被檢查出患有可治療的性病時,她們將接受治療; 如若查出攜帶艾滋病病毒或/和患有其它疾病時,她將被介紹給當?shù)氐姆?wù)機構(gòu)(即第二或/和第三醫(yī)院或/和社會工作者)并且鼓勵她攜其性伙伴同往。確診為HIV陽性的參與者,如果她們選擇的話,也可以繼續(xù)參與此試驗,因此退出此研究并不表明參與者已攜有HIV病毒。所有參與者都將獲得適度的補償金,每次往返診所的交通費和水果點心。來自當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)衛(wèi)生委員會(該委員會是有地方選舉、代表社區(qū)衛(wèi)生事務(wù))的一群婦女,在研究開始前的一次會議上提出了一個重要問題。她們對研究人員在試驗期間無需征求性伙伴的知情同意的決定持質(zhì)疑態(tài)度。她們的理由是如若性伙伴發(fā)現(xiàn)對方在沒有得到自己同意的情況下使用該產(chǎn)品,這將使婦女在性和肉體上可能遭到危險。來自東道國的合作研究人員同樣出席了那次會議,他們爭辯道如果男性得知對方在使用殺微生物劑后,他們將不會允許對方參與此項研究,所以索求男性的知情同意就會使該研究的另一目的化為泡影,即這項研究旨在測試一種女性控制的方法。1.研究人員是否應(yīng)該向男性性伙伴征求知情同意?為什么?2.如果試驗證明這種凝膠有效的話,研究人員是否有義務(wù)使進行研究的社區(qū)的所有婦女都獲得這種產(chǎn)品?甚至是整個國家的婦女?Case 6: Testing a MicrobicideBackgroundA critical need in stemming the spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic is to expand the range of methods that women can use for the prevention of all sexually transmitted infections, including vaginal microbicides.A vaginal microbicide would offer the potential for women to protect themselves from HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). To be truly female controlled, the ideal microbicide would be effective, safe, acceptable, affordable, colourless, odourless, tasteless, easy to store and use, and available in a variety of preparations. It should also be available in contraceptive and non-contraceptive formulations and obtainable without a prescription. However, because the first microbicide to be developed is unlikely to be an ideal product with all these characteristics, the immediate priority is to develop a microbicide that provides protection if used consistently by those who need it most.The protective benefits of microbicides for male partners have not been studied but researchers believe that a woman s male partner would also be protected from infection. Microbicides have been shown to be effective against many sexually transmitted pathogens in vitro and they appear to be most effective in vivo as prophylaxis against cervical infection by N.gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis and vaginal infection by T. vaginalis.The prospects for developing microbicides are promising. There is growing consensus that developing a microbicide should be technically feasible, and there has been significant progress in microbicide research and development over the last ten years. Many microbicide products are still in the stage of phase I and II testing in order to establish their safety and toxicity. Currently, only one product, nonoxynol-9 (N-9) is being tested in phase III trials to assess its efficacy in protecting women from HIV infection.Despite the established need for a female controlled barrier method, many scientists, pharmaceutical companies and investors remain skeptical about the feasibility of achieving this goal. In part, this uncertainty derives from the lack of conclusive scientific data demonstrating that, as a class, female barrier methods have the potential to reduce the transmission of STIs. Without results from well-controlled clinical trials that test the efficacy of female barrier methods, their potential role in an overall program of HIV prevention will remain subject to debate.Power to Women International (PWI), a US based non-profit research organisation, with a strongly feminist agenda, is planning a study of a microbicide in China. Laboratory tests show that the product blocks HIV attachment to target cells in vitro. The phase I testing of this product was conducted in five countries and results indicated that the product caused no significant signs of irritation and that the women generally found it acceptable and easy to use. It should be noted however, that these women only used the product for 10 days and were not sexually active during this time.The proposed trial is designed to further assess the safety and effectiveness of this product. This is the first large-scale phase II microbicide trial to be done in a population of women who are not sex workers and with a microbicide formulation that is non-contraceptive. It will be conducted by PWI with co-investigators from a medical university in the host country. The project sites are two family planning clinics. PWI has funded the renovation of the two clinics that will be used for the study in order for the laboratory facilities to be upgraded and for more nursing and support staff to be employed.Recruitment and site selectionBefore the start of the study, the researchers from PWI and representatives from the host country university hold meetings in all the clinics in which the study will take place, in order to explain the study and elicit feedback from potential participants.To participate in this trial women must be 18 years or older, HIV negative when they enroll, and resident in the community for at least one year prior to the study, with no intention of leaving for another year. Individual informed consent will be sought from each participant by one of the researchers with the aid of a translator if necessary. Consent will not be sought from male partners as the researchers felt that this would undermine women s autonomy. They neither encouraged nor discouraged the women from informing their partners of their involvement in the study.Approximately 300 women will use the gel or placebo for approximately one year by applying it vaginally at least three times weekly as well as before intercourse. After enrolling in the trial, women will come to the clinic monthly to be examined for signs of irritation and tested for sexually transmitted infections; every three months they will be tested for HIV and asked a series of product acceptability questions. At these visits the women will receive safer-sex counselling, free condoms, and counselling to ensure that they understand the trial requirements and objectives. Prior to being tested for HIV and receiving their results if they choose (women have the option not to get their results), they will engage in pre- and post-test counselling. If a woman is found to have a treatable STD she will receive treatment; if she is found to have HIV or another condition she will be referred to health and support services (secondary/tertiary hospitals or social workers) available in the local area and will be encouraged to take her partner with her. Women diagnosed as HIV positive can continue to participate in the trial if they choose, so that leaving the trial does not signify HIV serostatus. All participants will receive modest monetary compensation for time and transport for each visit, as well as refreshments.A group of women from the community health committee, a locally elected body that represents the community in health matters, raises an important concern during one of the pre study meetings. They disagree with the decision of the researchers not to get informed consent from the male partners of women in the trial. They reason that this might place women at risk for sexual and physical abuse if their partner discovers that they are using the product without their consent.The co-investigators from the host country, also present at the meeting, argue that if the men are informed about the microbicide, they will not allow their partners to take part in the study. Seeking male consent would also negate one purpose of the study, which is to test a female controlled method.Questions1.Should investigators seek informed consent from male partners? Why?2.If this gel proves to be effective, do the researchers have any obligation to make it available to all women in the study communities? All women in the country?