解放軍文職招聘考試2014年6月英語四級(jí)聽力文本第一套-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-06-18 18:53:51Section AA) See a doctor about her strained shoulder.B) Use a ladder to help her reach the tea.C) Replace the cupboard with a new one.D) Place the tea on a lower shelf next time.A) At Mary Johnson s.B) At a painter s studio.C) In an exhibition hall.D) Outside an art gallery.A) The teacher evaluated lacks teaching experience.B) She does not quite agree with what the man said.C) The man had better talk with the students himself.D) New students usually cannot offer a fair evaluation.A) He helped Doris build up the furniture.B) Doris helped him arrange the furniture.C) Doris fixed up some of the bookshelves.D) He was good at assembling bookshelves.A) He doesn t get on with the others.B) He doesn t feel at ease in the firm.C) He has been taken for a fool.D) He has found a better position.A) They should finish the work as soon as possible.B) He will continue to work in the garden himself.C) He is tired of doing gardening on weekends.D) They can hire a gardener to do the work.A) The man has to get rid of the used furniture.B) The man s apartment is ready for rent.C) The furniture is covered with lots of dust.D) The furniture the man bought is inexpensive.A) The man will give the mechanic a call.B) The woman is waiting for a call.C) The woman is doing some repairs.D) The man knows the mechanic very well.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.A) She had a job interview to attend.B) She was busy finishing her project.C) She had to attend an important meeting.D) She was in the middle of writing an essay.A) Accompany her roommate to the classroom.B) Hand in her roommate s application form.C) Submit her roommate s assignment.D) Help her roommate with her report.A) Where Dr. Ellis s office is located.B) When Dr. Ellis leaves his office.C) Directions to the classroom building.D) Dr. Ellis s schedule for the afternoon.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.A) He finds it rather stressful.B) He is thinking of quitting it.C) He can handle it quite well.D) He has to work extra hours.A) The 6:00 one.B) The 6:30 one.C) The 7:00 one.D) The 7:30 one.A) It is an awful waste of time.B) He finds it rather unbearable.C) The time on the train is enjoyable.D) It is something difficult to get used to.A) Reading newspapers.B) Chatting with friends.C) Listening to the daily news.D) Planning the day s work.Passage oneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.A) Ignore small details while reading.B) Read at least several chapters at one sitting.C) Develop a habit of reading critically.D) Get key information by reading just once or twice.A) Choose one s own system of marking,B) Underline the key words and phrases.C) Make as few marks as possible.D) Highlight details in a red color.A) By reading the textbooks carefully again.B) By reviewing only the marked parts.C) By focusing on the notes in the margins.D) By comparing notes with their classmates.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.A) The sleep a person needs varies from day to day.B) The amount of sleep for each person is similar.C) One can get by with a couple of hours of sleep.D) Everybody needs some sleep for survival.A) It is a made-up story.B) It is beyond cure.C) It is a rare exception.D) It is due to an accident.A) His extraordinary physical condition.B) His mother s injury just before his birth.C) The unique surroundings of his living place.D) The rest he got from sitting in a rocking chair.Passage ThreeQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.A) She invested in stocks and shares on Wall Street.B) She learned to write for financial newspapers.C) She developed a strong interest in finance.D) She tenderly looked after her sick mother.A) She made a wise investment in real estate.B) She sold her restaurant with a substantial profit.C) She got 7.5 million dollars from her ex-husband.D) She inherited a big fortune from her father.A) She was extremely mean with her money.B) She was dishonest in business dealings.C) She frequently ill-treated her employees.D) She abused animals including her pet dog.Section CAmong the kinds of social gestures most significant for second-language teachers are those which are __26__ in form but different in meaning in the two cultures. For example, a Colombian who wants someone to __27__ him often signals with a hand movement in which all the fingers of one hand, cupped, point downward as they move rapidly __28__. Speakers of English have a similar gesture though the hand may not be cupped and the fingers may be held more loosely, but for them the gesture means goodbye or go away, quite the __29__ of the Colombian gesture. Again, in Colombia, a speaker of English would have to know that when he __30__ height he must choose between different gestures depending on whether he is __31__ a human being or an animal. If he keeps the palm of the hand __32__ the floor, as he would in his own culture when making known the height of a child, for example, he will very likely be greeted by laughter; in Colombia this gesture is __33__ for the description of animals. In order to describe human beings he should keep the palm of his hand __34__ to the floor. Substitutions of one gesture for the other often create not only humorous but also __35__ moments. In both of the examples above, speakers from two different cultures have the same gesture, physically, but its meaning differs sharply.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, oneor more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation andthe questions will be spoken only once. After each question therewill be apause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C), andD), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Now let s begin with the eight shortconversations.1. W: I can t seem to reach the tea at the back of the cupboard.M: Oh Why don t you use the ladder? You might strain your shoulder.Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?2. W: Since it s raining so hard, let s go and see the new exhibits.M: That s a good idea. Mary Johnson is one of my favorite painters.Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?3. M: I hear the students gave the new teacher an unfair evaluation.W: It depends on which student you are talking about.Q: What does the woman imply?4. W: It must have taken you a long time to fix up all these book shelves.M: It wasn t too bad. I got Doris to do some of them.Q: What does the man mean?5. W: Rod, I hear you ll be leaving at the end of this month. Is it true?M: Yeah. I ve been offered a much better position with another firm. I d be a fool to turn it down.Q: Why is the man quitting his job?6. W: I honestly don t want to continue the gardening tomorrow, Tony?M: Neither do I. But I think we should get it over with this weekend.Q: What does the man mean?7. W: You ve already furnished your apartment?M: I found some used furniture that was dirt cheap.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?8. W: Has the mechanic called the bus repairers?M: Not yet .I ll let you know when he calls.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?Now you ll hear the two long conversations.Conversation OneM: Hello. Matt Ellis speaking.W: Hello, Dr. Ellis, my name s Pan Johnson. My roommate, Janet Holmes, wanted me to call you.M: Janet Holmes? Oh, that s right. She s in my Shakespearean English class. Has anything happened to her?W: Nothing, it s just that she submitted a job application yesterday and the company asked her in for an interview today. She s afraid she won t be able to attend your class this afternoon though. I m calling to see whether it would be OK if I gave you her essay. Janet said it s due today.M: Certainly, that would be fine. Uh, you can either drop it off at my class or bring it to my office.W: Would it be all right to come by your office around 4:00? I m afraid I can t come any earlier because I have three classes this afternoon.M: Uh, I won t be here when you come. I m supposed to be at a meeting from 3:00 to 6:00, but how about leaving it with my secretary? She usually stays until 5:00.W: Fine, please tell her I ll be there at 4:00. And Dr. Ellis, one more thing, could you tell me where your office is? Janet told me where your class is, but she didn t give me directions to your office.M: Well, I m in Room 302 of the Gregory Building. I ll tell my secretary to put the paper in my mail box, and I ll get it when I return.W: I sure appreciate it. Goodbye, Dr. Ellis.M: Goodbye, Ms. Johnson.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. Why couldn t the woman s roommate attend the Shakespearean English class that afternoon?10. What favor is the woman going to do for her roommate?11. What does the woman want to know at the end of the conversation?Conversation Two:W: How are things going, Roald?M: Not bad, Jane. I m involved in several projects and it s a long working day. But I m used to that so it doesn t bother me too much.W: I heard you have moved to a new house in the suburb. How do you like commuting to London every day? Don t you find it a string?M: It was terrible at first, especially getting up before dawn to catch that 6:30 train. But it s bearable now that I m used to it.W: Don t you think it s an awful waste of time? I couldn t bear to spend three hours sitting in a train every day.M: I used to feel the same as you. But now I quite enjoy it.W: How do you pass the time? Do you bring some work with you to do on the train?M: Ah, that s a good question. In the morning, I just sit in comfort and read the papers to catch up with the news. On the way home at night, I relax with a good book or chat with friends or even have a game of bridge.W: I suppose you know lots of people on the train now.M: Yes, I bumped into someone I know on the platform every day. Last week I came across a couple of old school friends and we spend the entire journey in the bar.W: It sounds like a good club. You never know. I may join it too.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. What does the man say about his job?13. Which train does the man take to work every day?14. How does the man feel about commuting to work every day now?15. How does the man spend his time on the morning train?Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Boththe passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear aquestion, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),C), and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a singleline through the centre.Passage OneMost American college students need to be efficient readers. This is necessary because full-time students probably have to read several hundred pages every week. They don t have time to read a chapter three or four times. They need to extract as much information as possible from the first or second reading.An extraordinarily important study skill is knowing how to mark a book. Students mark the main ideas and important details with a pen or pencil, yellow or blue or orange. Some students mark new vocabulary in a different color. Most students write questions or short notes in the margins. Marking a book is a useful skill, but it s important to do it right. First, read a chapter with one pen in your hand and others next to you on the desk. Second, read a whole paragraph before you mark anything. Don t mark too much. Usually you will mark about 10% of a passage. Third, decide on your own system for marking. For example, maybe you will mark main ideas in yellow, important details in blue and new words in orange. Maybe you will put question marks in the margin when you don t understand something and before an exam. Instead, you just need to review your marks and you can save a lot of time.16. What should American college students do to cope with their heavy reading assignments?17. What suggestion does the speaker give about marking a textbook?18. How should students prepare for an exam according to the speaker?Passage TwoThe thought of having no sleep for 24 hours or more isn t a pleasant one for most people. The amount of sleep that each person needs varies. In general, each of us needs about 8 hours of sleep each day to keep us healthy and happy. Some people, however, can get by with just a few hours of sleep at night.It doesn t matter when or how much a person sleeps. But everyone needs some rest to stay alive. Few doctors would have thought that there might be an exception to this. Sleep is, after all, a very basic need. But a man named Al Herpin turned out to be a real exception, for supposedly, he never slept!Al Herpin was 90 years old when doctors came to his home in New Jersy. They hoped to challenge the claim that he never slept. But they were surprised. Though they watched him every hour of the day, they never saw Herpin sleeping. He did not even own a bed. He never needed one.The closest that Herpin came to resting was to sit in a rocking chair and read a half dozen newspapers. His doctors were puzzled by the strange case of permanent sleeplessness. Herpin offered the only clue to his condition. He remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he had been born. Herpin died at the age of 94, never, it seems, having slept at all.19. What is taken for granted by most people?20. What do doctors think of Al Herpin s case?21. What could have accounted for Al Herpin s sleeplessness?Passage ThreeHetty Green was a very spoiled, only child. She was born in Massachusetts USA in 1835. Her father was a millionaire businessman. Her mother was often ill, and so from the age of two her father took her with him to work and taught her about stocks and shares. At the age of six she started reading the daily financial newspapers and opened her own bank account. Her father died when she was 21 and she inherited 7.5 million dollars. She went to New York and invested on Wall Street. Hetty saved every penny, eating in the cheapest restaurants for 15 cents. She became one of the richest and most hated women in the world. At 33 she married Edward Green, a multi-millionaire, and had two children, Ned and Sylvia.Hetty s meanness was well-known. She always argued about prices in shops. She walked to the local grocery store to buy broken biscuits which were much cheaper, and to get a free bone for her much loved dog. Once she lost a two-cent stamp and spent the night looking for it. She never bought clothes and always wore the same long, ragged black skirt. Worst of all, when her son, Ned, fell and injured his knee, she refused to pay for a doctor and spent hours looking for free medical help. In the end Ned lost his leg. When she died in 1916 she left her children 100 million dollars. Her daughter built a hospital with her money.22. What do we learn about Hetty Green as a child?23. How did Hetty Green become rich overnight?24. Why was Hetty Green much hated?25. What do we learn about Hetty s daughter?Section CDirections: In this section, you will heara passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you shouldlisten carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the secondtime, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have justheard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should checkwhat you have written.Now listen to the passage.Tests may be the most unpopular part ofacademic life. Students hate them because they produce fear and anxiety aboutbeing evaluated, and focus on grades instead of learning for learning s sake.But tests are also valuable. Awell-constructed test identifies what you know and what you still need tolearn. Tests help you see how your performance compares to that of others. Andknowing that you ll be tested on a body of material is certainly likely tomotivate you to learn the material more thoroughly.However, there s another reason you mightdislike tests: You may assume that tests have the power to define your worth asa person. If you do badly on a test, you may be tempted to believe that you vereceived some fundamental information about yourself from the professor, informationthat says you re a failure in some significant way.This is a dangerous andwrong-headed assumption. If you do badly on a test, it doesn t mean you are abad person or stupid. Or that you ll never do better again, and that your lifeis ruined. If you don t do well on a test, you re the same person you werebefore you took the test no better, no worse. You just did badly on a test.That s it.In short, tests are not a measure of yourvalue as an individual they are a measure only of how well and how much youstudied. Tests are tools; they are indirect and imperfect measures of what weknow.Section A1. B 本題考查計(jì)劃或者建議?？键c(diǎn)在第二個(gè)男士的提議。Use a ladder to help her reach the tea. strain: v.表示拉伸，扭傷，strain your shoulder 拉傷肩膀。2. D 本題考查對(duì)話場(chǎng)景。通過女士提到的 new exhibits 和男士提到的 favorite painters 可推出：Outside an art gallery.3. B 本題考查語義推斷?？键c(diǎn)在第二個(gè)女士的回應(yīng)，面對(duì)男士的說法，她并沒有表示認(rèn)同，而是婉轉(zhuǎn)表達(dá)了質(zhì)疑。 unfair evaluation 意思是 不公平的評(píng)價(jià) 。4. C 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力短對(duì)話解析：本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)?？键c(diǎn)在第二個(gè)男士的話。原文中男士說的 do some of them 指的就是修理書架。5. D 本題考查因果關(guān)系?？键c(diǎn)在第二個(gè)男士所解釋的原因。 position 即 職位 ， firm 即 公司 ， turn down 是拒絕的意思，與問題中的 quit 即 放棄，辭職 的意思相同。6. A 本題考查轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系?？键c(diǎn)在第二個(gè)男士語義轉(zhuǎn)折之后的內(nèi)容。選項(xiàng) 中的 finish 同義替換原文中的 get it over ，而 as soon as possible 則改寫了 within this weekend .7. D 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)?？键c(diǎn)在第二個(gè)男士所說的話，習(xí)慣用語 dirt cheap 就是 很便宜，白菜價(jià) 的意思。選項(xiàng)D中的 inexpensive 同義改寫了 dirt cheap 。8. B 本題考查語義推斷。考點(diǎn)要結(jié)合女士的提問和男士的回答。 mechanic 指 機(jī)械工 ， bus repairers 指 公車修理師 。Conversation One：9. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力長對(duì)話解析：前2句都是禮節(jié)性問答，第3句開始出現(xiàn)新人物 Janet Holmes , 即考點(diǎn)預(yù)警信號(hào)。關(guān)鍵信息就是女士接下來的回答： submitted a job application提交工作申請(qǐng)，asked her in for an interview 通知她面試，對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)：She had a job interview to attend.10. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力長對(duì)話解析：前文剛剛提到 Janet Holmes 所遇到的問題(因面試不能上課交作業(yè))，接著就提到了解決這一問題的方法，關(guān)鍵聽取原文中 I m calling to see whether it would be OK if I gave you her essay. 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C：Submit her roommate s assignment。11. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力長對(duì)話解析：從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都以特殊疑問詞開頭的特征可以預(yù)判，本題考點(diǎn)是某人的疑問。關(guān)鍵信息是女士在最后所提到的問題： And Dr. Ellis, one more thing, could you tell me where your office is? 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)A. Where Dr. Ellis s office is located.Conversation Two：12. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力長對(duì)話解析：第一題完全符合 前3句出考點(diǎn) 的套路，考點(diǎn)信息出現(xiàn)在明顯的信號(hào)詞 But 之后： But it s bearable now that I m used to it 。 bearable 表示可以忍受的，be used to 表示為習(xí)慣做某事。對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C：He can handle it quite well.13. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力長對(duì)話解析：本題考查時(shí)間細(xì)節(jié)，所聽即所選。關(guān)鍵信息是 It was terrible at first, especially getting up before dawn to catch that 6:30 train 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)B：The 6:30 train.14. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力長對(duì)話解析：本題考點(diǎn)再次出現(xiàn)在明顯信號(hào)詞But之后： But now I quite enjoy it. 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C：The time on the train is enjoyable15. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力長對(duì)話解析：長對(duì)話最后一題往往對(duì)應(yīng)整個(gè)對(duì)話的結(jié)尾部分。女士最后問男士在車上如何消磨時(shí)光，男士的回答則是考點(diǎn)信息： In the morning, I just sit in comfort and read the papers to catch up with the news. 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)A：Reading newspapers.Section B17. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力短文解析：從第二段開始，marking skill被反復(fù)提到，無疑是重要考點(diǎn)。就做標(biāo)記的技巧，作者一共提了3個(gè)建議，其中 Third, decide on your own system for marking 幾乎完整地被選項(xiàng)A照搬下來：Choose one s own system of marking. 根據(jù)所聽基本即所選原則，答案就是A。18. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力短文解析：最后一題考察了轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)，考點(diǎn)信息出現(xiàn)在明顯的信號(hào)詞 Instead 之后： Instead, you just need to review your marks and you can save a lot of time. 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)B：By reviewing only the marked parts.19.2014年6月四級(jí)聽力短文解析：答案出現(xiàn)在明顯的信號(hào)詞 But 之后，即： But everyone needs some rest to stay alive. 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D：Everybody needs some sleep for survival.20. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力短文解析：答案出現(xiàn)在明顯的信號(hào)詞 But 之后，即： But a man named Al Herpin turned out to be a rare exception 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C：It is a rare exception. rare表示稀有的，少見的。23. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力短文解析：本題略有難度?？键c(diǎn)緊跟在上一題考點(diǎn)句之后，即 Her father died when she was 21 and she inherited 7.5 million dollars. 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D. She inherited a big fortune from her father.24. 2014年6月四級(jí)聽力短文解析：本題難度較大。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)中的細(xì)節(jié)有較強(qiáng)干擾性，但如果考生對(duì)最后一段的整體結(jié)構(gòu)有所把握，并且知道第一句中提到的 meanness 的意思，即：吝嗇，小氣，就能理解后文內(nèi)容都屬于次要信息，是對(duì)meanness的舉例說明。對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)A. She was extremely mean with her money.26. identical27. approach28. back and forth29. opposite30. indicates31. referring to32. parallel to33. reserved34. at a right angle35. embarrassing
解放軍文職招聘考試技術(shù)進(jìn)步-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-09-03 10:36:15技術(shù)進(jìn)步技術(shù)進(jìn)步技術(shù)進(jìn)步1、教學(xué)目的與要求掌握技術(shù)進(jìn)步的類型、技術(shù)進(jìn)步貢獻(xiàn)的衡量、技術(shù)進(jìn)步與產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變革、技術(shù)選擇與比較優(yōu)勢(shì)、后發(fā)優(yōu)勢(shì)及就業(yè)的關(guān)系2、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)技術(shù)進(jìn)步類型及其貢獻(xiàn)的衡量3、教學(xué)難點(diǎn)技術(shù)選擇與比較優(yōu)勢(shì)、后發(fā)優(yōu)勢(shì)及就業(yè)的關(guān)系第一節(jié) 技術(shù)進(jìn)步一、技術(shù)進(jìn)步的含義指一定量的投入能生產(chǎn)更多的產(chǎn)出，或者一定量的產(chǎn)出只需要更少的投入。技術(shù)進(jìn)步是如何產(chǎn)生的？P1331、需求因素 2、供給因素用圖形表示：指等產(chǎn)量曲線的內(nèi)移！二、技術(shù)進(jìn)步的類型P135-136（1）根據(jù)技術(shù)進(jìn)步對(duì)資本和勞動(dòng)等投入要素影響程度的不同，可分為三大類型：勞動(dòng)節(jié)約型（資本使用型） 、資本節(jié)約型（勞動(dòng)使用型）、中性型。（2）技術(shù)的內(nèi)生性與外生性設(shè)定，可分為?？怂狗诸?、哈羅德分類、索洛分類。（3）希克斯的技術(shù)進(jìn)步類型一和二三、技術(shù)進(jìn)步的過程P137（一）研究與開發(fā)；（二）技術(shù)創(chuàng)新；（三）技術(shù)擴(kuò)散四、 技術(shù)創(chuàng)新 與 市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)熊彼特曾經(jīng)探討過壟斷、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與 創(chuàng)新 三者之間的關(guān)系，但沒有作深入的研究?？∕．Kamien）等根據(jù)熊彼特這方面的論述著重研究 市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu) 和 技術(shù)創(chuàng)新 的關(guān)系，解決什么樣的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新最有利的問題。他們認(rèn)為，影響技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的三個(gè)變量是：1．競(jìng)爭(zhēng)程度。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)程度引起技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的必要性。每個(gè)企業(yè)只有不斷地技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，才能憑借其技術(shù)、組織管理上的優(yōu)勢(shì)在激烈的竟?fàn)幹刑幱谟欣匚?，擊敗?duì)手，保存與發(fā)展自己，取得高額利潤。因此，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)越激烈，技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的必要性和緊迫性就越大。2．企業(yè)規(guī)模。企業(yè)規(guī)模的大小，不僅直接影響著一種技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的能力，而且影響所開辟的市場(chǎng)前景的大小。一個(gè)企業(yè)規(guī)模越大，則它在技術(shù)上的創(chuàng)新所開辟的市場(chǎng)也就越大。3．壟斷力量。壟斷程度越高，對(duì)市場(chǎng)控制越強(qiáng)，越不易被其他企業(yè)模仿，技術(shù)創(chuàng)新得到的利益就越能持久。因此，他們得出的答案是：最有利于技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)是介于壟斷和完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之間的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)，即 中等程度競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。第二節(jié) 技術(shù)進(jìn)步與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長 P140一、技術(shù)進(jìn)步促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長一般而言，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長有兩個(gè)途徑：一是增加生產(chǎn)要素的投入，二是?？考夹g(shù)進(jìn)步，提高全要素生產(chǎn)率。二、技術(shù)進(jìn)步貢獻(xiàn)的衡量及其實(shí)證分析 P141技術(shù)進(jìn)步貢獻(xiàn)可以通過全要素生產(chǎn)率來衡量。1、全要素生產(chǎn)率(TFP ,total factor productivity)：是指所有生產(chǎn)要素的生產(chǎn)效率，即總產(chǎn)出量與全部生產(chǎn)要素結(jié)合在一起的投入量之比。其計(jì)算一般是以生產(chǎn)函數(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的。2、總量生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的一般形式可表示為：Y=f（K，L）,常用柯布--道格拉斯生產(chǎn)函數(shù)表示：（1）不計(jì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步： （2）包含技術(shù)進(jìn)步：3、實(shí)證分析P143一般步驟：（1）闡述使用的方法和指標(biāo)；（2）收集數(shù)據(jù)并進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析；（3）根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果進(jìn)行原因分析；（4）得出結(jié)論和對(duì)策建議。第三節(jié) 技術(shù)進(jìn)步與產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變革P146技術(shù)進(jìn)步促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的最直接、最突出表現(xiàn)：推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的變革。產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變革的結(jié)論：在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中，三次產(chǎn)業(yè)的主導(dǎo)地位是依次轉(zhuǎn)移的。從以第一次產(chǎn)業(yè)為主導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)向以第二次產(chǎn)業(yè)為主導(dǎo)的過程，是實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的過程，是農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)向工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的過程；由以第二次產(chǎn)業(yè)為主導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)向以第三次產(chǎn)業(yè)為主導(dǎo)的過程，在本質(zhì)上則是實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)知識(shí)化、信息化的過程，是由工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)向知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的過程。第四節(jié) 技術(shù)選擇、制度創(chuàng)新與技術(shù)進(jìn)步一、技術(shù)選擇與比較優(yōu)勢(shì)1、技術(shù)選擇的含義 P150二、技術(shù)選擇與就業(yè) P153三、技術(shù)選擇與后發(fā)優(yōu)勢(shì) P155四、制度創(chuàng)新與技術(shù)進(jìn)步 P1571、激勵(lì)機(jī)制 2、擴(kuò)散機(jī)制 3、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)機(jī)制后發(fā)優(yōu)勢(shì) 表現(xiàn)說1.經(jīng)驗(yàn)借鑒論。在發(fā)展中國家開始其現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程時(shí)，發(fā)達(dá)國家的現(xiàn)代化已有200多年的歷史了，先行者有豐富的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)與教訓(xùn)供后來者借鑒，這樣可以少走彎路，縮短在黑暗中探索的時(shí)間，使后來者能以較少的代價(jià)取得更大的成就。2.科技文化利用說。現(xiàn)代化的后來者可以利用先行者在世界科技革命浪潮中形成的先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)成果，直接加以引進(jìn)與學(xué)習(xí)，使經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展，實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)發(fā)展階段上的跨越性發(fā)展。同時(shí)，后來者可以有目的，有選擇地學(xué)習(xí)西方先進(jìn)文化，以形成文化融合雜交的優(yōu)勢(shì)，促進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)展。3.后發(fā)國家聯(lián)合說。隨著世界整體發(fā)展與互相依存趨勢(shì)的顯著化，后發(fā)國家在國際上的地位有所改善，它們可以通過聯(lián)合以抵制發(fā)達(dá)國家損人利己政策。4.產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移說。后發(fā)國家可以利用發(fā)達(dá)國家產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整與升級(jí)機(jī)會(huì)，在發(fā)達(dá)國家的幫助下，直接實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的合理化，使后來者順利地實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化。5.外資利用說。由于發(fā)達(dá)國家擁有大量的資金，后發(fā)國家可以依靠引進(jìn)外資以解決本國現(xiàn)代化起步階段的資本積累嚴(yán)重不足的問題，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)借雞生蛋的目的。6.榜樣激勵(lì)說。由于發(fā)達(dá)國家的現(xiàn)代化成就十分顯著，這對(duì)后來者克服重重阻力激發(fā)追趕的念頭與信心，進(jìn)行有效的社會(huì)動(dòng)員與整合，產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)大的推動(dòng)力，非常有利于后來者的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程。后發(fā)劣勢(shì)（Curse To The Late Comer）美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家沃森首先提出這個(gè)概念。落后國家由于發(fā)展較晚，所以有很多東西可以模仿發(fā)達(dá)國家。模仿的形式有兩種：（1）制度模仿；（2）技術(shù)及工業(yè)化模式模仿。由于是后發(fā)國家，所以可以在沒有任何基礎(chǔ)制度的情況下通過技術(shù)模仿實(shí)現(xiàn)快速發(fā)展。但是，從長期看，由于模仿制度的滯后，必然導(dǎo)致長期發(fā)展的失敗
2020中國人民解放軍文職人員招聘考試藥學(xué)知識(shí):生物技術(shù)藥物的特點(diǎn)-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
2020中國人民解放軍文職人員招聘考試藥學(xué)知識(shí):生物技術(shù)藥物的特點(diǎn)發(fā)布時(shí)間：2020-02-26 15:30:01生物技術(shù)藥物的特點(diǎn)分子質(zhì)量大且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜生物技術(shù)來源藥物的生產(chǎn)方式，是應(yīng)用基因修飾活的生物體產(chǎn)生的蛋白或多肽類的產(chǎn)物，或是依據(jù)靶基因化學(xué)合成互補(bǔ)的寡核苷酸，所獲產(chǎn)品往往分子質(zhì)量較大，并具有復(fù)雜的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。種屬特異性生物技術(shù)藥物存在著種屬特異性。許多生物技術(shù)藥物的藥理學(xué)活性與動(dòng)物種屬及組織特異性有關(guān)，主要是藥物自身以及藥物作用受體和代謝酶的基因序列存在著動(dòng)物種屬的差異。來源人類基因編碼的蛋白質(zhì)和多肽類藥物，其中有的與動(dòng)物的相應(yīng)蛋白質(zhì)或多肽的同源性有很大差別，因此對(duì)一些動(dòng)物不敏感，甚至無藥理學(xué)活性。安全性較高生物技術(shù)藥物由于是人類天然存在的蛋白質(zhì)或多肽，量微而活性強(qiáng)，用量極少就會(huì)產(chǎn)生顯著的效應(yīng)，相對(duì)來說它的副作用較小、毒性較低、安全性較高。
